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Rethinking The Use of KPIs In The Digital Era

Most companies do not deploy Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) rigorously for review or as drivers of change. This is the overall finding from a recent survey report, Leading With Next Generation Key Performance Indicators, published by MIT Sloan Management Review. The report is biased towards Sales and Marketing functions.

Changes in the business environment such as accelerating technological innovation, intensifying competitive pressure, significant emerging risks, increasing customer expectations, and complex regulations are influencing business models and causing tremendous shifts in the strategic direction of the company.

As a result, executives are struggling to balance tactical and strategic KPIs, including operational and financial KPIs that effectively capture the moment while anticipating the future.

Part of the survey findings include:

  • KPIs are not enjoying special status as either enablers or drivers of change in many companies. Instead of providing value added insight to guide and drive performance improvements, KPIs are more about “tick-box” compliance. Either that gives you a sense of the scale of key decisions made on intuition versus data-driven or it makes you realize that despite the critical role of KPIs in enabling informed decisions, many executives are still not aware of this.
  • Lack of alignment of KPIs with strategic objectives. Only 26% of the survey respondents agreed that their functional KPIs are aligned with the organization’s stated goals and strategic priorities. Such a huge disconnect explains why many companies are struggling to execute their strategy more effectively.
  • Customer-focused KPIs are increasingly becoming more important. Many companies are taking a more customer-centric approach to spur growth. As a result, they are seeking to understand customers in more holistic ways. 63% of respondents say they are now using KPIs (such as NPS, customer segmentation, customer lifetime value, brand equity, churn) to develop a single integrated view of the customer and understand the customer’s experience at each touch point including the aggregated journey.

Based on respondents’ answers to a specific set of questions on how well a company has aligned its use of KPIs, the report authors were able to categorize the companies into three – Measurement Leaders, Measurement Capable and Measurement Challenged.

According to the study findings, six behaviors are common to Measurement Leaders:

  1. Use KPIs to lead, as well manage, the business. Companies falling into this category treat their KPIs not simply as “numbers to hit” but as tools of transformation. KPIs are used to effectively align the organization (people and processes) and also provide predictive insight that help frame strategy and lead the company into the future.
  2. Develop an integrated view of the customer: Respondents falling into this category have shifted their focus beyond traditional financial and customer satisfaction metrics to including externally focused KPIs that enable them to better segment and engage customers. Such measures complement and build upon more internally focused process KPIs. However, an integrated customer view remains an aspiration for many businesses. For example, 41% of survey respondents are still managing digital customers separately from physical customers. Companies that are making progress in this space are experimenting with automation and machine learning technologies to develop a 360-degree view of their customers.
  3. See KPIs as data sets for machine learning: Nearly 75% of executives surveyed expect that ML/AI technologies will help them achieve strategic goals. Instead of viewing KPIs just as analytic outputs for business performance review and planning, organizations can take advantage of ML which empowers software and systems to learn from data-driven experience. This creates opportunities to use KPIs (individually and collectively) and their underlying data to teach ML algorithms to improve and optimize their performance and drive marketing activities. However, care must be taken that the KPIs used as data inputs for ML actually reflect business reality, otherwise the systems will learn from wrong inputs leading to garbage in, garbage out.
  4. Drill Down into KPI Components: Drilling down to a KPIs components is critical for effective KPIs. It helps executives see the underlying data or analytic components that are aggregated into KPIs, determine why specific KPIs have over or under-achieved and prioritize critical business issues. For example, the drilling down can be done according to different customers, segments, channels or different products. Legacy organizations with legacy IT systems and legacy financial reporting processes, however, generally lack this capability
  5. Share trusted KPI data: While it is true that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, having shared KPIs facilitates effective cross-functional collaboration because managers can see the positive or negative impact of their own KPIs on others. This cause-and-effect relationship also enables opportunistic efficiencies and outcomes. Although transparent, shareable KPIs can create new dynamics, in some cases, conflict may arise within the organization due to overstepping of boundaries in turn affecting accountability.
  6. Aim for KPI Parsimony: There is no magic number of desirable effective KPIs for an organization. However, too many KPIs easily become unwieldy, unmanageable, and create unrealistic expectations. Too few might result in the neglect of critical business issues. In today’s digital world characterized by data proliferation, it is much easier to get carried away and succumb to “KPI creep”. Measurement leaders know what to focus on – a balanced set of vital and valuable KPIs that have massive potential to make a huge difference to their businesses. Instead of wasting resources on ordinary metrics or measures that promote bad behaviours and fail to influence the strategic priorities of the business, they understand that to be effective and account for business success, KPIs must truly be “key” performance indicators.

To obtain greater value and returns from their KPIs, the report recommends companies to identify their top 3 enterprise and top 3 functional KPIs, create a process for ongoing enterprise-wide discussion of KPIs, and treat KPIs as a special class of data asset.

Additionally, I believe company leadership should also:

  • Acknowledge that effective performance measurement requires a cultural shift. The fish rots from the head. If there is no executive sponsorship, chances are high that the use of KPIs to drive growth will remain relegated to the lower rungs of the ladder.
  • Integrate performance management with risk management. The former looks at KPIs and the latter looks at Key Risk Indicators (KRIs). Business success is also a result of making informed and intelligent risk decisions
  • Start with the WHY of data collection. While it may be true to say that data and analytics are the raw ingredients of KPIs, a company’s data needs must be supported by the key performance questions raised. It is therefore imperative to ask critical questions before accessing any new data.
  • Understand that technology is just a means to an end and not the end itself. A company does not necessarily need to invest in new technology to reap returns from its KPIs. Just because “experts” are preaching the gospel of ML/AI as the solution to modern business problems, first evaluate if your business is in dire need of such technology and cannot survive without it.
Thanks for sharing:

Related posts:

  1. KPIs Should Actually Reflect Business Reality
  2. Why KPIs Alone Do Not Drive Results
  3. Finance in the Digital Age
  4. 5 Employee KPIs Every Manager Should Know
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The Art of Risk Management

This is the title of the article by BCG published a few years ago. The article discusses the principles that should govern the approach to risk management by companies of all shapes and sizes.

The authors make several points with which I agree. Here are some excerpts:

  • Risk management is essential in today’s volatile economy. In a continuously changing economic environment, companies cannot assume a stable risk landscape.
  • Stop thinking of risk management as primarily a regulatory issue. Embed risk management in the mindset of the broader organization.
  • Risk management is a value-creating activity that is an essential part of the strategic conversation inside the company. The goal of that discussion should not be to eliminate or minimize risk but to use it to create a competitive advantage.
  • Risk management starts at the top. The organization needs to demonstrate that it has made risk management a high priority and an integral part of the decision-making process by appointing a dedicated risk leader who reports back frequently to the CEO and the board to discuss the latest trends and any changes in the company’s risk scenarios.
  • Risk cannot be managed from an ivory tower. Risk Management should not exist in isolation from the rest of the organization, with an insufficiently granular understanding of the actual business-specific risks the company faces. To avoid this outcome, integrate risk management into the company’s entire routine management processes, including planning, capital allocation, controlling, and reporting.
    • Understand the scope of the risks the company faces.
    • Plan for how the company will manage those risks.
    • Act to mitigate the risks or take advantage of strategic opportunities.
  • Avoid relying on black boxes. Although sometimes appropriate, over-reliance on complex metrics or models can muddy the risk management process, turning it from a transparent management activity into a frustrating black box. The appropriate level of complexity is company-specific and depends on the industry, business model, availability of data, level of experience, and mandatory legal requirements.
  • Align risk management with a company’s overall business strategy. Companies need to identify all relevant risks – not just those that can be easily quantified. Some of the relevant risks for a company may be those that are qualitative and especially difficult to quantify.
  • Risk management is more than a policy; it is a culture. The objective of a company’s risk-management system should be not only to enforce new policies but also to create a risk-aware culture that addresses risks proactively, not reactively, and manages them to create new sources of competitive advantage.
  • Effective risk management depends on the free flow of information throughout the organization. Unless employees at all levels of the organization are actively involved in the risk management process, it will be difficult to maintain the unrestricted flow of information. This can result in the most important data getting buried in one part of the organization unavailable to other parts of the business.
  • Risk management deals with uncertain futures. As a result, the goal should not be to develop precise metrics or future outcomes but to strive for a general understanding of the probabilities and potential impact of various trends or scenarios on business performance and enable decision-makers to confront the uncertain nature of risk and act accordingly.
  • Risk management is never about finding “the answer.” Rather, it is about continually refining the organization’s assumptions about the future and its understanding of the implications of those assumptions for the company’s business. Assumptions about risk often change quickly, so the relevant parameters, probabilities, impacts, and correlations should be revisited frequently.
  • It is possible to prepare for unknown risks by building an organization that so excels at crisis management that it is resilient even in situations in which it is blindsided by unprecedented challenges. For example, through developing the ability to detect, capture, and exploit information patterns as well as to think outside existing frameworks and risk landscapes.
  • Avoid the downside, but don’t forget the upside. Companies should use risk management also to identify new opportunities and to exploit them systematically. For example, scenario planning should be used to define not only worst-case scenarios but also best-case scenarios. Think in advance about how a company can make the best use of the latest market developments and trends and ultimately make the right decisions.

I enjoyed reading the article and highly recommend it.

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Leading in Uncertain Times

One of the biggest challenges facing business leaders today is making the right decisions that will ensure their organizations succeed, survive, and remain competitive in an increasingly uncertain and complex environment.

A recent post, The best way to lead in uncertain times may be to throw out the playbook, by Strategy+Business has several good points.

The article is about the COVID-19 pandemic, how global companies navigated through the crisis, and how best to prepare for future disruptions. Here are some key points and my comments.

  • Rather than follow a rigid blueprint, executives must help organizations focus on sensing and responding to unpredictable market conditions.
    • Comment: Senior leaders play a vital role in providing clarity about the organization’s strategic direction, creating alignment on key priorities to ensure the achievement of enterprise objectives, and ensuring the business model is continuously evolving to create and capture value in the face of uncertainty. They must not rest on their laurels and stick to the beliefs and paradigms that got them to where they are today and hope they will carry them through tomorrow. Regulatory changes, new products, competition, markets, technologies, and shifts in customer behavior are upending many outdated assumptions about business success. Thus, the businesses you have today are different from the ones you will need in the future hence the importance of continuously sensing changes in the global economy. Employees and teams often feed off the energy of their leaders and tend to focus their attention where the leader focuses attention. If the leader is comfortable with current business practices and rarely embraces the future or challenges the status quo, then the team is highly likely to follow suit.
  • When it became clear that supply chains and other operations would fracture, organizations began scenario planning to shift production sources, relocate employees, and secure key supplies.
    • Comment: Instead of using scenario planning to anticipate the future and prepare for different outcomes, it seems most of the surveyed organizations used scenario planning as a reactionary tool. Don’t wait for a crisis or a shift in the market to start thinking about the future. The world is always changing. As I wrote in The Resilient Organization, acknowledge that the future is a range of possible outcomes, learn and develop capabilities to map out multiple future scenarios, develop an optimal strategy for each of those scenarios, then continually test the effectiveness of these strategies. This does not necessarily mean that every change in the market will impact your business. Identify early warnings of what might be important and pay closer attention to those signals. In other words, learn to separate the signals from the noise.
  • The pandemic forced the organization’s senior management team to re-examine how all decisions were made.
    • Comment: Bureaucracy has for a very long time stood in the way of innovation and agility. To remain innovative and adapt quickly in a fast-changing world, the organization must have nimble leadership and an empowered workforce where employees at all levels can dream up new ideas and bring them to life. Identifying and acting on emerging threats and potential opportunities is not the job of the leader alone but every team member. To quote Rita McGrath, in her book Seeing Around Corners, she writes, “Being able to detect weak signals that things are changing requires more eyes and ears throughout the organization. The critical information that informs decision-making is often locked in individual brains.” In addition to the internal environment, the leader must also connect with the external environment (customers, competitors, regulators, and other stakeholders), looking for what is changing and how.
  • It’s worthwhile for leaders of any team to absorb the lessons of sense-respond-adapt, even if there is no emergency at hand.
  • Sensing: Treat the far-flung parts of your enterprise as listening stations. The question leaders must ask is, “What are we learning from our interactions beyond the usual information about costs and sales?” Train your people to listen for potentially significant anomalies and ensure that important information is not trapped in organizational silos.
    • Comment: Cost and sales data are lagging indicators that reveal the consequences or outcomes of past activities and decisions. Although this information can help leaders spot trends by looking at patterns over time, it doesn’t help understand the future and inform what needs to be done for the numbers to tell a different story. In addition to lagging indicators, pay attention to current and leading indicators and understand the relationship between these indicators and outcomes.
  • Responding: Improve communication across intra- and inter-organizational boundaries. Leaders should view business continuity as an essential function that acts as connective tissue for the enterprise.
    • Comment: In addition to creating mechanisms that allow the free flow of information both inside and outside the organization, decision-makers should also be comfortable receiving information that challenges their personal view of the world, even if it’s not what they want to hear. Create a culture of psychological safety where people are not afraid to share bad news for fear of getting punished, but rather are acknowledged and rewarded for speaking up. Leveraging the diversity of thought enables leaders to anticipate the future as an organization, decide what to do about it collectively, and then mobilize the organization to do what’s necessary.
  • Adapting: Challenge assumptions, and question orthodoxies. There’s always the temptation to mitigate threats simply by applying existing practices harder and faster. One way to get at those deeper issues and encourage double-loop learning is to ask, “What needs to be true for this to be the right approach?”
    • Comment: In an increasingly uncertain environment, it’s difficult to survive and thrive with an old business model or outdated technologies. Many businesses fail because they continue doing the same thing for too long, and they don’t respond quickly enough and effectively when conditions change. As a leader, stay curious and connected to the external environment, look for market shifts, understand what needs to be regularly refreshed and reimagined, adopt new technologies and capabilities, and adapt in ordinary times but also during times of transition. Unfortunately for many leaders, it’s just more convenient for them to continually downplay the fact that conditions are changing than take the appropriate course of action that drives business success.

How are you preparing your organization for potential future disruptions?

Thanks for sharing:

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The Collaborative Organization

These days the term collaboration has become synonymous with organizational culture, creativity, innovation, increased productivity, and success.

Let’s look at the COVID-19 pandemic as an example. At the peak of the crisis, several companies instructed their workers to adopt remote working as a health and safety precautionary measure.

Two years into the pandemic, they are now asking their employees back to the office full time or are planning to adopt a hybrid model.

The need to preserve our collaborative culture and accelerate innovation are two of the top benefits being cited by organizational and team leaders for bringing workers back.

Collaboration is indeed essential for the achievement of team goals, functional objectives, and the overall success of the organization.

Today’s breakthrough innovations are emerging from many interacting teams and collaborative relationships.

When teams, functions, and organizations collaborate, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; group genius emerges, and creativity unfolds.

But, what makes a successful collaboration? What are the key enabling conditions?

  • It extends beyond the boundaries of the organization. Business success is a function of internal and external relationships. Instead of viewing your business in vacuo, understand that you are part of an ecosystem. External to your organization, who do you need to partner with to enhance your value creation processes, achieve/exceed your objectives, or successfully execute your strategy?
  • Ensure the objectives are clear and there is shared understanding by everyone. Unclear objectives are one of the topmost barriers to team and organizational performance.
  • Foster a culture that encourages opinions and ideas that challenge the consensus. People should feel free to share their ideas and not hold back for fear of others penalizing them or thinking less of them. Collaboration is hindered when one or two people dominate the discussion, are arrogant, or don’t think they can learn anything from others.
  • Groups perform more effective under certain circumstances, and less effective under others. There is a tendency to fixate on certain topics of discussion amongst groups which often leaves members distracted from their ideas. To reduce the negative effects of topic fixation, members of the group should be given periods to work alone and switch constantly between individual activity and group interaction.
  • Effective collaboration can happen if the people involved come from diverse backgrounds and possess complementary skills to prevent conformity. The best collective decisions or creative ideas are often a product of different bodies of knowledge, multiple opinions, disagreement, and divergent thought processes, not consensus or compromise.
  • New technologies are making collaboration easier than ever, enabling us to increase our reach and broaden our network. Although new technology helps, it will not make your organization collaborative without the right culture and values in place. First, define what you want to achieve through collaboration then use these tools to promote creative collaboration.

How else are you championing collaboration within your organization to create value and succeed?

Thanks for sharing:

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